An epiretinal membrane(ERM) is a fibrocellular tissue found on the inner surface of the retina. It is semi-translucent and proliferates on the surface of the retina.

Symptoms:

1. Metamorphopsia
2. Blurred vision
3. Monocular diplopia
4. Micropsia

Physical Examination: Slit lamp examination with dilated fundus examination

Signs: A sheen or abnormal reflectivity of the macular surface is suggestive of an ERM.

Diagnostics Procedures: Optical Coherence Tomography/ OCT- ERM, vitreomacular traction, macular hole, macular pseudo hole can be detected on OCT.

Management: Pars Plana vitrectomy surgery is the standard care of treatment.

These involves 25 guage vitrectomy followed by ERM removal and internal limiting membrane peeling.

C3F8 or SF6 gas is used as a tamponade.

Macular hole: A macular hole (MH) is a retinal break commonly involving the fovea.

Risk factors:

1. Age
2. Myopia
3. Trauma

Diagnosis:

Physical examination : Slit lamp examination with dilated fundus examination

Watzke- Allen sign can be used has a clinical test for macular hole.

Investigation: Optical Coherence Tomography/ OCT

Management: Pars Plana vitrectomy surgery is the standard care of treatment.

These involves 25 guage vitrectomy followed by internal limiting membrane peeling.

C3F8 or SF6 gas is used as a tamponade.